LIMITATIONS OF THE VARIABILITY OF THE BELIEFS AND OPINIONS OF CROWDS1.FIXED BELIEFS.The invariability of certain general beliefs--They shape the course of a civilisation--The difficulty of uprooting them--In what respect intolerance is a virtue in a people--The philosophic absurdity of a belief cannot interfere with its spreading.2.THE CHANGEABLE OPINIONS OF CROWDS.
The extreme mobility of opinions which do not arise from general beliefs--Apparent variations of ideas and beliefs in less than a century--The real limits of these variations--The matters effected by the variation--The disappearance at present in progress of general beliefs, and the extreme diffusion of the newspaper press, have for result that opinions are nowadays more and more changeable--Why the opinions of crowds tend on the majority of subjects towards indifference--Governments now powerless to direct opinion as they formerly did--Opinions prevented to-day from being tyrannical on account of their exceeding divergency.
1.FIXED BELIEFS
A close parallel exists between the anatomical and psychological characteristics of living beings.In these anatomical characteristics certain invariable, or slightly variable, elements are met with, to change which the lapse is necessary of geological ages.Side by side with these fixed, indestructible features are to be found others extremely changeable, which the art of the breeder or horticulturist may easily modify, and at times to such an extent as to conceal the fundamental characteristics from an observer at all inattentive.
The same phenomenon is observed in the case of moral characteristics.Alongside the unalterable psychological elements of a race, mobile and changeable elements are to be encountered.For this reason, in studying the beliefs and opinions of a people, the presence is always detected of a fixed groundwork on which are engrafted opinions as changing as the surface sand on a rock.
The opinions and beliefs of crowds may be divided, then, into two very distinct classes.On the one hand we have great permanent beliefs, which endure for several centuries, and on which an entire civilisation may rest.Such, for instance, in the past were feudalism, Christianity, and Protestantism; and such, in our own time, are the nationalist principle and contemporary democratic and social ideas.In the second place, there are the transitory, changing opinions, the outcome, as a rule, of general conceptions, of which every age sees the birth and disappearance;examples in point are the theories which mould literature and the arts--those, for instance, which produced romanticism, naturalism, mysticism, &c.Opinions of this order are as superficial, as a rule, as fashion, and as changeable.They may be compared to the ripples which ceaselessly arise and vanish on the surface of a deep lake.
The great generalised beliefs are very restricted in number.
Their rise and fall form the culminating points of the history of every historic race.They constitute the real framework of civilisation.
It is easy to imbue the mind of crowds with a passing opinion, but very difficult to implant therein a lasting belief.However, a belief of this latter description once established, it is equally difficult to uproot it.It is usually only to be changed at the cost of violent revolutions.Even revolutions can only avail when the belief has almost entirely lost its sway over men's minds.In that case revolutions serve to finally sweep away what had already been almost cast aside, though the force of habit prevented its complete abandonment.The beginning of a revolution is in reality the end of a belief.
The precise moment at which a great belief is doomed is easily recognisable; it is the moment when its value begins to be called in question.Every general belief being little else than a fiction, it can only survive on the condition that it be not subjected to examination.
But even when a belief is severely shaken, the institutions to which it has given rise retain their strength and disappear but slowly.Finally, when the belief has completely lost its force, all that rested upon it is soon involved in ruin.As yet a nation has never been able to change its beliefs without being condemned at the same time to transform all the elements of its civilisation.The nation continues this process of transformation until it has alighted on and accepted a new general belief: until this juncture it is perforce in a state of anarchy.General beliefs are the indispensable pillars of civilisations; they determine the trend of ideas.They alone are capable of inspiring faith and creating a sense of duty.
Nations have always been conscious of the utility of acquiring general beliefs, and have instinctively understood that their disappearance would be the signal for their own decline.In the case of the Romans, the fanatical cult of Rome was the belief that made them masters of the world, and when the belief had died out Rome was doomed to die.As for the barbarians who destroyed the Roman civilisation, it was only when they had acquired certain commonly accepted beliefs that they attained a measure of cohesion and emerged from anarchy.
Plainly it is not for nothing that nations have always displayed intolerance in the defence of their opinions.This intolerance, open as it is to criticism from the philosophic standpoint, represents in the life of a people the most necessary of virtues.
It was to found or uphold general beliefs that so many victims were sent to the stake in the Middle Ages and that so many inventors and innovators have died in despair even if they have escaped martyrdom.It is in defence, too, of such beliefs that the world has been so often the scene of the direst disorder, and that so many millions of men have died on the battlefield, and will yet die there.
